The Remarkable Health Benefits of Medicinal Mushrooms: Boosting Immunity, Fighting Cancer, and More

Introduction

For centuries, medicinal mushrooms have been revered in traditional medicine systems, particularly in Asian countries, for their potent health-promoting properties. These fungi have been used to treat a wide range of ailments, from infections and lung diseases to cancer. In recent years, scientific research has begun to unravel the mysteries behind the therapeutic potential of medicinal mushrooms, shedding light on their unique bioactive compounds and their ability to modulate the immune system, fight cancer, and improve overall health and wellbeing.

The most commonly used medicinal mushrooms include Ganoderma lucidum (reishi), Trametes versicolor (turkey tail), Lentinus edodes (shiitake), and Grifola frondosa (maitake). These mushrooms contain a wealth of beneficial compounds, such as polysaccharides, beta-glucans, triterpenes, and ergosterol, which are responsible for their immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. As interest in natural and complementary therapies continues to grow, medicinal mushrooms are gaining recognition as a valuable tool in the quest for optimal health and disease prevention.

In this article, we will explore the remarkable health benefits of medicinal mushrooms, delving into their ability to boost immunity, fight cancer, reduce treatment side effects, and offer neuroprotective and other therapeutic properties. We will also discuss safety considerations, dosage recommendations, and the limitations of current research, highlighting the need for further clinical trials to fully understand the potential of these fascinating fungi. Join us on a journey into the world of medicinal mushrooms and discover how these ancient remedies are making their mark in modern health and wellness.

Overview of Medicinal Mushroom Benefits

Medicinal mushrooms have been used for hundreds of years, primarily in Asian countries, to treat various ailments, including infections, lung diseases, and cancer. In Japan and China, they have been approved as adjuncts to standard cancer treatments for over three decades (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). The most commonly used medicinal mushrooms include Ganoderma lucidum (reishi), Trametes versicolor or Coriolus versicolor (turkey tail), Lentinus edodes (shiitake), and Grifola frondosa (maitake) (National Cancer Institute, n.d.).

These mushrooms contain a variety of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, beta-glucans, triterpenes, and ergosterol, which are responsible for their immunomodulating, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and other health-promoting properties (Venturella et al., 2021). The growing interest in natural and complementary therapies has led to increased recognition of the potential benefits of medicinal mushrooms in promoting optimal health and preventing disease.

Historical Use and Bioactive Compounds

The use of medicinal mushrooms dates back centuries, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and other Asian healing systems. In TCM, mushrooms such as reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes) have been used as tonics to promote longevity, boost qi (life force energy), and enhance overall health (Wasser, 2014). The bioactive compounds found in these mushrooms, including polysaccharides, beta-glucans, triterpenes, and ergosterol, are believed to be responsible for their therapeutic effects.

Polysaccharides, particularly beta-glucans, are the most extensively studied compounds in medicinal mushrooms. These complex carbohydrates have been shown to stimulate the immune system, modulate inflammation, and exhibit antitumor properties (Sánchez, 2017). Triterpenes, such as ganoderic acids found in reishi, have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects (Cör et al., 2018). Ergosterol, a precursor to vitamin D2, is another important compound found in mushrooms that has been linked to immunomodulatory and anticancer activities (Kalaras et al., 2017).

Potential Health Benefits

The bioactive compounds present in medicinal mushrooms have been associated with a wide range of potential health benefits. These include:

1. Immunomodulation: Medicinal mushrooms can help regulate the immune system, stimulating it when needed to fight infections and cancer, while also preventing overactivation that can lead to autoimmune disorders (Guggenheim et al., 2014).

2. Antitumor effects: Several mushroom compounds, such as polysaccharide-K (PSK) from turkey tail and lentinan from shiitake, have shown promise in inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing the efficacy of conventional cancer treatments (Ina et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2018).

3. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties: The antioxidants found in medicinal mushrooms, such as ergothioneine and polyphenols, can help protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce inflammation, which is linked to various chronic diseases (Kalaras et al., 2017; Muszyńska et al., 2018).

4. Antimicrobial activity: Some medicinal mushrooms, such as shiitake and maitake, have demonstrated antibacterial and antiviral properties, suggesting their potential use in combating infectious diseases (Alves et al., 2012).

5. Neuroprotective effects: Compounds found in lion’s mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) have been shown to stimulate the production of nerve growth factor (NGF) and promote the regeneration of neurons, offering potential benefits for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (Friedman, 2015).

While these potential benefits are promising, it is important to note that much of the evidence comes from in vitro, animal, or small-scale human studies. More rigorous clinical trials are needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of medicinal mushrooms and their bioactive compounds.

Immunomodulatory Effects

Stimulation of Immune System

One of the most well-established benefits of medicinal mushrooms is their ability to modulate the immune system. The polysaccharides found in these mushrooms, particularly beta-glucans, have been shown to stimulate various aspects of the immune response, including the activation of macrophages, T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as the production of cytokines (Venturella et al., 2021).

Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) is known for its immunostimulatory effects, helping to boost the immune system’s ability to protect against pathogens and maintain optimal function of immune cells. In a study by Lin et al. (2005), reishi polysaccharides were found to enhance the proliferation and maturation of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages in mice. Additionally, reishi has been reported to reduce allergy symptoms in some individuals, likely due to its immunomodulatory properties (Bhardwaj et al., 2014).

Turkey tail mushroom (Trametes versicolor) contains two unique beta-glucans, polysaccharide-K (PSK) and polysaccharide-peptide (PSP), which have been extensively studied for their immune-enhancing effects. PSK and PSP have been shown to stimulate the production of white blood cells, including NK cells and lymphocytes, as well as increase the activity of these immune cells (Saleh et al., 2017). In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, daily consumption of turkey tail extract for 8 weeks significantly improved immune response in healthy adults, as measured by increased NK cell activity and cytokine production (Torkelson et al., 2012).

Potential in Cancer Treatment

The immunomodulatory effects of medicinal mushrooms have generated interest in their potential application in cancer treatment. Some studies suggest that mushroom compounds may help slow tumor growth and exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cells (National Cancer Institute, n.d.).

PSK from turkey tail mushroom is an approved adjuvant cancer treatment in Japan, where it has been used for several decades. Clinical trials have shown that PSK may help repair immune cell damage caused by chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer (Oba et al., 2007). A meta-analysis by Eliza et al. (2012) found that the addition of PSK to chemotherapy significantly improved survival rates in patients with colorectal cancer.

Reishi mushroom is also commonly used in China to strengthen the immune system of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Some studies indicate that reishi polysaccharides may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer (Gao et al., 2003). In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the administration of reishi extract in combination with conventional treatment significantly improved immune response and quality of life in patients with advanced-stage cancer (Gao et al., 2003).

While these findings are promising, it is important to note that the use of medicinal mushrooms in cancer treatment should be considered complementary to conventional therapies and not as a replacement. More research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using mushroom compounds in cancer care.

Reduction of Treatment Side Effects

In addition to their potential immunomodulatory and antitumor effects, medicinal mushrooms may also help alleviate side effects associated with cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, ultimately improving patients’ quality of life (National Cancer Institute, n.d.).

Several clinical trials have investigated the effects of mushroom compounds on chemotherapy-related side effects. For example, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study by Ahn et al. (2004) found that the administration of PSK from turkey tail mushroom significantly reduced the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with colorectal cancer. Similarly, a study by Okuno and Uno (2011) reported that the use of reishi mushroom extract in combination with chemotherapy helped reduce the occurrence of adverse effects, such as loss of appetite and fatigue, in patients with gynecological cancers.

The ability of medicinal mushrooms to mitigate treatment side effects may be attributed to their immunomodulatory and adaptogenic properties. By helping to regulate the immune system and improve the body’s resilience to stress, these mushrooms may help patients better tolerate the challenges associated with cancer treatments (Guggenheim et al., 2014).

However, it is crucial to note that the use of medicinal mushrooms should be discussed with a healthcare professional, as some compounds may interact with certain medications or have contraindications. Additionally, more research is needed to establish the optimal dosage and duration of mushroom supplementation for reducing treatment side effects.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Medicinal mushrooms are rich in antioxidants, which help protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals and environmental stressors. The antioxidant content of these mushrooms, along with their anti-inflammatory properties, may contribute to their potential benefits for overall health and the prevention of chronic diseases.

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is particularly notable for its high antioxidant content, with an oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) score that surpasses that of many other foods (Zheng et al., 2011). The antioxidant effects of chaga have been attributed to its unique polyphenols, including inonoblins and hispidin (Zheng et al., 2011). In a study by Yun et al. (2011), a water-soluble extract of chaga demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and protected human lymphocytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.

Reishi and turkey tail mushrooms have also been recognised for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may contribute to their potential benefits for cardiovascular health, cholesterol management, and blood sugar regulation (Wachtel-Galor et al., 2004; Chu et al., 2012). In a study by Jedinak et al. (2011), a water extract of reishi mushroom was found to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce the expression of inflammatory mediators in macrophages.

The anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal mushrooms may be particularly relevant in the context of chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders, which are often characterised by low-grade, systemic inflammation (Muszyńska et al., 2018). By helping to modulate inflammatory responses, these mushrooms may offer potential benefits for the prevention and management of these conditions.

However, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of medicinal mushrooms are promising, more human clinical trials are needed to fully understand their effects and determine the optimal dosage and duration of supplementation for various health applications.

Neuroprotective Potential

In addition to their immunomodulatory, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties, some medicinal mushrooms have shown promise in promoting brain health and offering neuroprotective benefits. Lion’s mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) has been of particular interest in this regard due to its ability to stimulate the production of nerve growth factor (NGF) and promote the regeneration of neurons (Friedman, 2015).

NGF is a protein that plays a crucial role in the growth, maintenance, and survival of neurons. By stimulating NGF production, lion’s mane may help protect against age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (Mori et al., 2009). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study by Mori et al. (2009), the oral administration of lion’s mane extract for 16 weeks significantly improved mild cognitive impairment in elderly Japanese patients, as measured by scores on the cognitive function scale.

The neuroprotective effects of lion’s mane have been attributed to its bioactive compounds, particularly hericenones and erinacines (Ma et al., 2010). These compounds have been shown to promote the growth and differentiation of neural cells in vitro and may help protect against oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain (Ma et al., 2010).

Other medicinal mushrooms, such as reishi and cordyceps, have also demonstrated potential neuroprotective properties. In a study by Zhou et al. (2012), a polysaccharide from reishi mushroom was found to improve learning and memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, possibly by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Similarly, cordyceps extracts have been shown to protect against oxidative damage and improve cognitive function in animal models of age-related cognitive decline (Zhu et al., 2015).

While these findings are encouraging, more human clinical trials are needed to fully understand the neuroprotective potential of medicinal mushrooms and determine the optimal dosage and duration of supplementation for various neurological conditions. Additionally, it is important to note that the use of medicinal mushrooms should be considered complementary to conventional therapies and not as a replacement for standard medical care.

Safety and Dosage Considerations

Medicinal mushroom products are generally well-tolerated, with few reported side effects when used at recommended doses. However, it is important to note that the safety data available from clinical trials is limited, and more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks and interactions associated with these supplements (National Cancer Institute, n.d.).

Some common side effects that have been reported with medicinal mushroom use include digestive discomfort, such as nausea, diarrhea, and bloating (Wasser, 2014). In rare cases, allergic reactions, including skin rash and difficulty breathing, have been observed (Wasser, 2014). It is crucial for individuals with mushroom allergies or sensitivities to exercise caution when considering the use of these supplements.

The safety of medicinal mushrooms during pregnancy and lactation has not been well established, and therefore, their use is not recommended for these populations without the guidance of a healthcare professional (Wasser, 2014). Similarly, individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or those taking medications should consult their healthcare provider before starting any mushroom supplement regimen to avoid potential interactions or contraindications.

Dosage recommendations for medicinal mushrooms vary depending on the specific species, formulation, and intended use. In general, most studies have used daily doses ranging from 1 to 3 grams of mushroom extract powder or an equivalent amount in capsule form (Wasser, 2014). However, it is important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and not exceed the recommended dose unless under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.
When selecting a medicinal mushroom supplement, it is essential to choose a reputable brand that uses high-quality, organic mushrooms and employs third-party testing to ensure purity and potency. Look for products that contain the mushroom fruiting body, as this is the part of the mushroom that has been most extensively studied for its therapeutic properties (Real Mushrooms, n.d.).

In summary, while medicinal mushrooms are generally considered safe when used appropriately, it is crucial to exercise caution and consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen. By selecting high-quality products and following recommended dosage guidelines, individuals can minimise the risk of adverse effects and maximise the potential benefits of these functional fungi.

Limitations and Future Research Directions

Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of medicinal mushrooms, there are several limitations to the current research that must be acknowledged. Many of the studies investigating the health benefits of these fungi have been conducted in vitro or in animal models, and while these findings are promising, they may not always translate directly to human applications (Venturella et al., 2021).

The human clinical trials that have been conducted on medicinal mushrooms have often been limited by small sample sizes, short durations, and a lack of standardisation in terms of the mushroom species, preparation methods, and dosages used (Venturella et al., 2021). These factors make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy and safety of medicinal mushrooms for various health conditions.

Furthermore, the lack of regulation and standardisation in the mushroom supplement industry is a significant concern. The quality, purity, and potency of mushroom products can vary widely between manufacturers, and some products may not contain the claimed amount of active compounds or may be contaminated with heavy metals or other toxins (Ma et al., 2018). This inconsistency in product quality can make it challenging for consumers to identify reliable sources of medicinal mushrooms and may lead to conflicting results in clinical studies.

To address these limitations and advance the field of medicinal mushroom research, several key areas for future investigation have been identified. These include:

1. Conducting larger, well-designed, randomised, placebo-controlled human clinical trials to validate the efficacy and safety of medicinal mushrooms for specific health conditions (Venturella et al., 2021).

2. Investigating the optimal dosage, duration, and formulation of mushroom supplements for various therapeutic applications (Ma et al., 2018).

3. Exploring the potential synergistic effects of combining different medicinal mushroom species or using them in conjunction with other natural compounds or conventional therapies (Venturella et al., 2021).

4. Developing standardised methods for the cultivation, extraction, and quality control of medicinal mushroom products to ensure consistent potency and safety (Ma et al., 2018).

5. Elucidating the specific mechanisms of action underlying the therapeutic effects of medicinal mushrooms and identifying the key bioactive compounds responsible for these effects (

Conclusion

The therapeutic potential of medicinal mushrooms has garnered significant attention in recent years, as mounting evidence suggests that these functional fungi may offer a wide range of health benefits. From their immunomodulatory and antitumor effects to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, medicinal mushrooms have shown promise in supporting overall health and well-being. The bioactive compounds found in these mushrooms, such as polysaccharides, beta-glucans, triterpenes, and ergosterol, have been identified as key players in their therapeutic effects, working synergistically to promote optimal functioning of the body’s systems.

While the current research on medicinal mushrooms is encouraging, it is important to acknowledge the limitations and the need for further investigation. Many of the potential benefits have been demonstrated in preclinical studies, and more rigorous, large-scale human clinical trials are necessary to validate the efficacy and safety of these fungi for specific health applications. Additionally, the lack of standardisation and regulation in the mushroom supplement industry highlights the importance of selecting high-quality, third-party tested products and consulting with healthcare professionals before incorporating these supplements into a health regimen.

As the field of medicinal mushroom research continues to evolve, there is a growing need for collaborative efforts between scientists, healthcare providers, and industry stakeholders to address the challenges and opportunities associated with these functional fungi. By conducting well-designed clinical trials, exploring optimal dosage and formulation strategies, and developing standardised methods for quality control, we can unlock the full potential of medicinal mushrooms and harness their therapeutic properties for the benefit of human health. With continued research and responsible use, medicinal mushrooms may prove to be a valuable addition to the arsenal of natural therapies available for promoting wellness and preventing disease.

Key Highlights of Learnings and Actionable Tips

• Reishi mushroom boosts the immune system, protects against pathogens, reduces signs of aging, and helps achieve hormonal balance for restful sleep.
• Chaga mushroom is rich in antioxidants and polysaccharides that boost white blood cell production to regulate the immune response. Double the daily dose of chaga extract (1000-2000 mg) at the first sign of a cold.
• Cordyceps increases energy and reduces fatigue by delivering oxygen to the body on a cellular level and boosting ATP levels. It is beneficial for the elderly and athletes.
• Lion’s mane mushroom can repair and regenerate neurons, improving cognitive function and potentially mitigating neurological diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and dementia.
• Turkey tail mushroom contains unique beta-glucans PSK and PSP that have anti-cancer properties, regenerate white blood cells, and stimulate T-cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells to destroy pathogens.

How do medicinal mushrooms boost the immune system?

Medicinal mushrooms like reishi, chaga, and turkey tail contain polysaccharides, specifically beta-glucans, that have immunomodulating properties. These compounds can boost the production of white blood cells, including lymphocytes, T-cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. By increasing the number and activity of these immune cells, medicinal mushrooms help the body better defend against pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

Can medicinal mushrooms help with aging and cognitive decline?

Yes, certain medicinal mushrooms have been shown to have anti-aging and neuroprotective properties. Reishi mushroom can reduce dermal oxidation and protect cellular DNA and mitochondria from oxidant damage, helping to keep skin looking young and maintain energy levels. Lion’s mane mushroom stimulates the synthesis of nerve growth factors (NGF), which can repair and regenerate neurons. This may improve cognitive function and potentially reverse age-related cognitive deterioration.

Are there any side effects or precautions when taking medicinal mushrooms?

Medicinal mushrooms are generally considered safe with few reported side effects when taken in recommended doses. However, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications. Some medicinal mushrooms may interact with certain drugs or have blood-thinning effects. Always purchase high-quality, organic mushroom supplements from reputable sources to ensure purity and potency.

How can I incorporate medicinal mushrooms into my daily routine?

There are several ways to incorporate medicinal mushrooms into your daily life. You can take them in supplement form, such as capsules, powders, or tinctures, following the recommended dosage on the product label. Some medicinal mushrooms, like lion’s mane and shiitake, can be consumed as part of your diet. They can be added to soups, stir-fries, or enjoyed as a tea. Consistency is key to experiencing the long-term benefits of medicinal mushrooms.

What is the best way to choose a quality medicinal mushroom supplement?

When selecting a medicinal mushroom supplement, it is essential to choose a reputable brand that uses high-quality, organic mushrooms and employs third-party testing to ensure purity and potency. Look for products that contain the mushroom fruiting body, as this is the part of the mushroom that has been most extensively studied for its therapeutic properties (Wasser, 2014).

References

National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Medicinal Mushrooms (PDQ®)–Patient Version. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/mushrooms-pdq

Chu, K. K., Ho, S. S., & Chow, A. H. (2012). Coriolus versicolor: a medicinal mushroom with promising immunotherapeutic values. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(9), 976-984. https://doi.org/10.1177/009127002401102700

Wachtel-Galor, S., Tomlinson, B., & Benzie, I. F. (2004). Ganoderma lucidum (“Lingzhi”), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker responses in a controlled human supplementation study. British Journal of Nutrition, 91(2), 263-269. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041039

Wasser, S. P. (2014). Medicinal mushroom science: Current perspectives, advances, evidences, and challenges. Biomedical Journal, 37(6), 345-356. https://doi.org/10.4103/2319-4170.138318

Venturella, G., Ferraro, V., Cirlincione, F., & Gargano, M. L. (2021). Medicinal Mushrooms: Bioactive Compounds, Use, and Clinical Trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(2), 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020634